Essay about Lao-tzu The Moderation Of Rule - 838 Words

Ruling a country effectively is executed through a variety of methods. Lao-Tzu, a follower of Taoism, expresses his belief on the most efficient way to govern. quot;The more prohibitions you have, the less virtuous people will be. The more weapons you have, the less secure people will be. The more subsidies you have, the less self-reliant people will bequot; (25). This quote from Lao-Tzu can be interpreted many different ways. The author discusses what he feels the role of a leader should be, the restrictions and the privileges that should be given to the people. There are various views on this particular passage even among Americans. Lao-Tzu feels that taking action in order to make people feel safer and ensure their well being will†¦show more content†¦The majority of crime committed against the government or any official organization by the people is out of spite or revolt for the prohibitions that are placed upon them. Therefore, Lao-Tzus ideal is illustrated through the actions of the early American colonists.Having a greater amount of weapons will cause the people to feel less safe. If you live in a neighborhood where you do not have to lock your doors at night you will feel safer than if you lived in a neighborhood where every night you have to set the alarm on your house. On an international level, the more weapons a country has the more people will live in fear. They will feel that they a re in a great amount of danger if the need to be protected with weapons is so significant. This will also cause other countries to believe they are in danger, as if they were about to be attacked. This year the storing of biological weapons by Iraqi officials alerted America and the United Nations. The Iraqi people then felt unsafe as well as the rest of the world, especially the American people as the world was questioning Iraqs motives. Why would Iraq store such significant amounts of detrimental biological weapons if they did not have any intent to use them? Lao-Tzus theory is found to be factual through the movements of Iraq to protect its people.The more you give to people, the less independent they will become. When people are regularly provided with any serviceShow MoreRelatedA Good Leader : Lao Tzu1731 Words   |  7 Pageshis way. In modern day society a good leader would be Lao-Tzu. He uses beliefs and tactics that are civil for today’s society. As for comparing two great leaders from a time so far back, I would have to pick Machiavelli as a great leader. The way the writers present them in the book is almost opposite in every aspect. Lao-Tzu has a laissez-fa ire approach on things, while Machiavelli is the opposite and is ready for war. First of all, when Lao-Tzu says, â€Å"If you want to govern the people, you must placeRead MoreEssay on Lao Tzus Teachings on Effective Government1206 Words   |  5 Pagesparties have held different points of view on different topics such as health care. However an effective government is also based on a how a leader governs the country. Lao Tzu was an ancient Chinese philosopher, and Niccolo Machiavelli, in The Prince, an Italian philosopher, present ideas that are very contradictory to each other. Lao Tzu appears liberal as a master who will not control the people while Machiavelli states a prince must emerge and take control of his people. Although both appear to beRead MoreEssay about Taoism1821 Words   |  8 PagesTaoism was a man named Lao Tzu, who lived around the year 604 B.C.E. According to Chinese legend, Lao Tzu was an archivist in the imperial library at Lo Yang. He was known for his knowledge, although he never taught. When Lao Tzu left his position at the libra ry, he went to the Chinese province of Chou. At the border, however, he was stopped and forced to write down his teachings. During this time, he wrote the Tao Te Ching, the major scripture of Taoism. After Lao Tzus death, a man namedRead MoreCritical Response to the Tao Te Ching2847 Words   |  12 Pagesis action even possible (given the underlying current of passivity that flows throughout the Tao Te Ching)? The Tao Te Ching (despite its unassuming length) is the most important text for both philosophical and religious Taoism. Officially, Lao Tzu authored this book in the 6th century BCE, however, a majority of scholars now regard the work as having being compiled around 300 BCE, most likely from an oral wisdom tradition. During the 6th century BCE, China moved toward a state of internalRead MoreChina s Most Strapping Religion2065 Words   |  9 Pagesreally means, it upholds a significant importance to the universe in the warmest regards. It is very difficult to determine the number of Taoist in the world, especially in the mainland of China where religion was outlawed under the strict communist rule. However, it is estimated to have the range from 30 million to 300 million followers in China alone. Many Taoist followers are located in small communities of Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan and in Southeast Asia that make up a significant portion of theRead MoreRelationship between Daoism Confucianism864 Words   |  4 Pagesis a religious tradition originated from China in the 550 B.C.E, it was founded by Lao Tzu, a great philosopher and the author of the â€Å"Dao De Jing† .The â€Å"Dao De Jing† or â€Å"Tao Te Ching† is a Chinese text that contains 81 chapters explaining the â€Å"ways† of Chinese life, it is often used by the monks or persons that practice the Daoism. Daoism’s main focus is on nature, and not on the social world. Compassion, moderation and humility are also focuses on t he Daoism. On the other part, Confucianism is aRead MoreTranscultural Nursing4057 Words   |  17 Pagesitching and pus from the operation site or cut. They also belief that when they have a cut they should eat â€Å"haruan fish† or drink â€Å"gamat† or eat â€Å"jelly gamat† and take honey bee to make healing faster . For delivery mother they have a lot of rules to follow from their diet to the personal activity. Some cultures do not allowed delivery mother to take bath 30 days after delivery .They only can do bed bath and the delivery mother only can eat rice with â€Å"ikan bilis† and steam food .They

Rock And Roll Is Important Throughout The History

Rock and roll is so important throughout the history, which always contributes to the story of music, the public, and the society. It is an indispensable part of music, in which countless famous artists and bands shine repeatedly. The trace of rock and roll is easily found everywhere in different types of music, like hip-pop. It has allowed artists to speak on political issues and influence government. For normal people, sometimes rock and roll is like a window, through which people can notice inequality, darkness but also hope. It becomes everyone’s emotions’ destination and also is able to instigate campaigns by utilizing their emotions. Rock and roll is woven into the natural fabric of lifestyle. It is common to find that someone’s favorite music is rock and roll. As for fashion, rock and roll elements are supposed to appear in lots of clothing, decorations, and bags. As a result, I find it necessary and interesting to meditate about rock and roll itself and i ts history. During the development of rock and roll, from its brith to explosion and be mainstream, it has always been influenced by social and culture changes. Social and culture context plays the key role in the development and evolution of it. To some extent, the context controls the death of not only rock and roll but also other genres. However, social and culture changes also promote the division and brith of new types. In turn, each kind of rock and roll reflects those changes during the last sixtyShow MoreRelatedAmerican Pie Is A Song That Made A Huge Impact On Americans850 Words   |  4 Pagesnineteen fifties through nineteen seventies after Buddy Holly’s death. Many events from those years are controversial. McLean also stated how music changed from these decades. Rock ‘n Roll used to be popular since the fifties. American Pie by Don McLean describes the transition in Rock ‘n Roll music from the iconic history of the mid nineteen hundred. 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For Example, the development of recording and electronic communication within United States capitalism spurred the unique coming together of music traditions in twentieth century UnitedRead MoreThe Origins Of Rock And Roll1090 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"African Americans invented Rock and Roll, without their musical contributions we would not have the genre.† As an eager, attentive History 105 student I have had to opportunity to learn a great deal about the origins of the genre of Rock and Roll. The origin, even though many historians have attempted to determine exactly where it came from, is still unknown. Rock and Roll is a blend of Gospel, Jazz, Blues, Hillbilly, Rhythm and Blues and many more types of music. Throughout this essay I w ill try andRead MoreThe Impact Of Rock And Roll On Society1717 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the entire history of Rock and Roll, it is very apparent just how great of an impact social and cultural change has made on the development of the genre. Society is such a powerful entity and its influences on art are very often overlooked. If one person has the ability to independently influence and conduct change, imagine the available influence that is made possible with society as a whole during notable periods of development and change throughout the history of America. As discussedRead MoreMusic Is Always Changing With The Times1749 Words   |  7 Pagesfollow the modern rock setup. You can hear hard pounding drums, heavily distorted guitar, not sure if a bass is in it hard to tell, and screaming vocals. The song feels as though it follows a common rock trend with the instrumentation. The sound of the orchestral strings seems to move the song into another direction when compared t o rock n roll of the 50s and up. The instrumentation doesn’t change throughout the whole song. The style seems to follow a mixture of other various types of rock. You can hearRead MoreEssay on Rock and Roll1295 Words   |  6 PagesThe emergence of Rock and Roll was one of the most pivotal moments of our nation’s history. The impact that this genre of music made is still evident in our culture. However, before this genre was able to gain momentum, it faced many cultural conflicts. The book, All Shook Up: How Rock ‘N’ Roll Changed America by Glenn C. Altschuler analyzes the impact that rock and roll music has made on American culture. It explores how the Rock and Roll culture was able to roughly integrate and later conflictRead MoreThe Beatles And Bob Dylan905 Words   |  4 Pagesand Bob Dylan, two of the most famous artists of all time, demonstrate how Britain and America had a profound influence on each country’s music culture. In the beginning of American history, America was heavily influenced by Britain because it was considered the â€Å"Mother Country† for the pilgrims that settled throughout North America. Due to this, the United States continues to share many cultural ties with Britain to this day. America’s cultural connections with Britain is one of the main reasonsRead MoreHow Rock N Roll Changed America Essay1241 Words   |  5 Pages Rock ‘n’ roll has played a major role in some known historical developments post World War 2. Music plays a significant part in America s Cold War culture. Music gave us a sense of new technologies and helped the world to prosper. It also is linked with African Americans living in the South. Music was known for shaping the lives of the people during the 1950s and 1960s. Music was geared towards the youth, race, ethnicity, gender and class. â€Å"All Shook Up: How Rock ‘n’ Roll Changed America†

Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care

Question: Discuss about the Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care. Answer: Introduction The research will involve the causes of maternal deaths amongst women and on the strategies that can be considered to be able to reduce the number of maternal deaths. The paper will focus on a film that shade light on the causes of deaths of women at the end of their pregnancy. In the film, Sarah James delivered her second daughter Grace the normal way through the vagina, but later on, she experienced vaginal bleeding. She experienced vaginal trickling and boggy fundas that made it necessary for the midwives with the help of the doctor to transfuse her with blood and oxytocin from time to time. Her condition only became worse, and later on, she had difficulties in breathing. Sarah was later taken to the theater after about an hour and 40 minutes of unmanaged vaginal bleeding. The local private health center is unable to control the situation fully and thus refers her to a public healthcare by the name of St Helen's, and at this time the doctors were not feeling her pulses. The emergency unit took some time to take her to the hospital because of the redirection that the doctor makes. The transfer is because of the need for Helen to acquire a quick hysterectomy. She later passed on at St Helens hospital because they were unable to manage her hemorrhage. The paper will give light on the prospects that are to be implemented to help mitigate the maternal deaths of innocent women in need of healthcare. Data was attained stating that the number of deaths has declined from an approximated number of 35800 maternal deaths to 530000 deaths annually. Africa and Asia report the most maternal deaths in women. The maternal deaths can be caused by factors that can be controlled. There are some causes of maternal deaths that are beyond the control of the health team. Such cases include indirect obstetric causes. The maternal deaths often occur within 42 weeks in instances that are related to the monitoring of the pregnancy. The survival of a woman depends on the ability to acquire health care in time (Grnvall et al. 2014) Factors that contributed to the death of Sarah James To begin with, Sarah James death was caused by the prolonged vaginal trickling a condition that was persistent. The condition led to her being hemorrhage, Sarah James had to be added blood frequently and even gauzes inserted in her vagina to stop the bleeding. But more milligrams of blood kept on being lost. The intensive bleeding made her weak, and she started feeling tired. At the time of her transfer, she had lost 2litres of blood. The uncontrolled vaginal bleeding was the major cause of death ( Egenberg et al. 2015). The other cause was the fact that there was poor coordination of the midwives and the doctor. The doctor was not around most of the time. The doctor was called most of the period and gave directions without a clear description of the condition of Sarah James. Oxytocin was administered to Sarah James most of the time yet the condition of the patient continued to deteriorate. The decision to take Sarah James to the theater in the local health care was late, and the patient was in a severe condition. After her theater session, things became even worse with the patient being unable to manage her airways. The nurses watched the patient suffer yet they could not agree on whether to call the doctor or not. Moreover, the doctor was not conversant with the condition that Sarah James was in, and so he had to take a lot of time researching on coagulation in patients. It is after some time that he discovered that Sarah was depicting signs of moderate anemia. Delays in diagnosis are a major cause of maternal deaths because of the delayed treatment process. The wrong prescriptions were being administered throughout the session. Lack of proper technical knowledge in the field of health has made it difficult for patients to acquire quality healthcare (Bolin et al. 2014). Sarah had to wait for so long for Doctor Krite to admit that he and his team could not help her. There was the delay in reaching care. The emergency team that was first called by the midwife to take the patient to St. Margaret health center that was a private hospital. Dr. Krite redirected the doctor that was on shift that the patient should be transferred to St Helen public hospital. Sarah was referred to a modernized hospital, where Sarah James could acquire a prompt hysterectomy. The delayed decision to the right medical care was a major cause of her death. Therefore, the cause of the death was controllable. Lastly, the death of Sarah James was caused by lack of proper medical care. The local health care that Sarah James chose to visit lacked the facilities to administer the best care to Sarah James. The medical center lacked its emergency services transport. The local medical center was unable to administer hysterectomy to Sarah James. Delays could not otherwise be sustained if the facilities were present at the institution. Under development of medical centers is a major cause of maternal deaths. Communication and documentation Communication between the Sarah James and the caregivers was apt. Sarah was spoken to politely throughout the session. In addition, the caregiver talked to her every time asking her on how she was feeling. Sarah was informed on what she was being injected with every time an injection was being administered to her. It is also significant that before Sarah was taken to the theater, she was explained to what she was to undergo. She was then made to sign a document agreeing to be taken to the theater. In addition, every time she had blood pressure and the temperature was assessed, the data was recorded in her medical report immediately (Jorgenson, 2013). It was identified that documentation of the records was inaccurate because the caregivers were talking and thus the caregiver that was assessing Sarah James was unable to take down data regarding her pulse rate. It is evident that the caregivers were so tensed to keep the records more so at the time that Sarah James was in the recovery room. The other shortcoming in the manner of communication was the inability to listen to what the other caregiver was saying and thus there was no coordination of ideas (Dahlke et al. 2015). Best Clinical Practice Recommendations in the management of a PPH The quantity of blood that was lost was not measured at any juncture. The midwives just looked at it and threw away the blood soaked clothes. The practice is questionable, but there is no evidence that indicates that the caregivers are supposed to measure the amount of blood (Chi,2015).The blood quantity was just approximated. It was appropriate for the caregivers to study the blood loss from Sarah James from time to time. The use of oxytocin was appropriate for the control of PPH (Lavigne?Lissalde, 2015). In addition, the health center also applied the best practice recommendations by incorporating prostaglandin gels in the case of Sarah James. The use of oxytocin is important for patients with PPH because it is very effective than other drugs. In addition, oxytocin can easily be combined with other drugs such as prostaglandin, ergometrine and carbetocin thus it is very apt. Conversely, the drug has limited side effects to the patients. Such a drug is the most relevant in the case of a woman having the PPH for it will not further her infections (Le Gouez Mercier, 2016). Oxytocin performs the role of reducing the blood loss of a woman with PPH First and second line drug and fluid management The first and the second line drugs were not well managed. The best practice recommends that for PPT to be well managed; then oxytocin should be combined with ergometrine, carbetocin and the prostaglandins (Liu et al. 2014). Only prostaglandins were combined with oxytocin. In addition, there was poor management where the caregivers did not administer ergometrine after the dose of oxytocin failing to stop the bleeding that Sarah James was experiencing. The patient was transfused with blood from time to time to make sure she had enough blood (Hofmeyr Qureshi, 2016). According to the best clinical practice recommendations, the caregivers are required to give a dosage of 20 units in managing complications that occur in pregnancies. In the case of Sarah James, the local health care was giving Sarah 5 units of oxytocin in the third stage. After some time, after the direction of the doctor, the midwife was to administer 40units in one Litre of normal saline that was to be given the frequency of 125ml per hour. In the case of the best practice requirement, a patient that is using the drug should be given 20units in a Litre of fluid and then 40 drops given to the patient in intervals of one minute (Sentilhes et al. 2016). The best practice requirements were not critically followed by the caregivers. The overdose of the drugs could have resulted to the seriousness of the case of Sarah James. Other non-pharmacological methods of managing a PPH It is also important to note that the caregivers were efficient in identifying that oxytocin was the most effective drug for the management of complications of pregnancies. At the juncture that a patient is identified to have symptoms of PPH, she is supposed to be massaged (Mishra Doke, 2015). In the case of Sarah, the massage was not administered immediately. It was only done once, and though it helped reduce the bleeding, the midwives did not persist on it alongside other medications. The massage of the fundas is recommended because it is easy and it reduces the medical costs that could be sustained if another practice was administered. The uterus packaging is appropriate in reducing a blood loss. It is important that Sarah James had her uterus packed with four gauzes at the theater to control her bleeding. It is contrary to the case that uterus packaging helps in reducing the chances of getting a hysterectomy (Salati Tolosa, 2016). In the case of Sarah James, she had to be transferred to another medical center for the invasive procedure. The uterus packaging was either delayed, or it was not done in the proper way. General principles of managing an emergency There should be a chain of command in the monitoring of PPH. Before the midwives administer any treatment, they should be advised by the physician in control. Therefore, it is evident that the midwives that were taking care of Sarah James were keen to follow protocol before engagement in any practice. The process to a great extent delayed the medication process because the doctor had to be reached every time through a call. Before a patient is referred to another medical center, a protocol must be followed (Seacrist Noell, 2016). In this case, delays can be experienced because of the lags that are experienced before decisions are reached more so when the doctor or the one in authority is far away. The principles create formality on operations, but they have implications. A woman experiencing PPH as a result of continuous bleeding after a vaginal birth should be monitored sensitively by medical practitioners. The situation poses a great risk to the woman. It is evident that there are symptoms that may depict that a patient is not responding to the treatment that is being administered (Macrae Draycott, 2016). If the patient becomes weak, cannot communicate and also has difficulty in breathing then the patients condition is deteriorating. In the case of Sarah James, she had all these symptoms, and yet they were not taken seriously at the beginning. It was until the caregivers studied her pulse rate that the doctor had to refer her to another hospital. It is with certitude that the life of Sarah could have been saved. If at the point that she became weak and her temperature and blood pressure were at critical point she could have been referred to a modernized hospital, then she could have survived. It is not moving for a doctor to carry out a research o n the condition of a patient at a time that the patient is at a critical point. The doctor must be conversant already with the cases of coagulation (Behling Renaud, 2015). Teamwork in responding to an emergency Teamwork was properly carried out by the team at the hospital. The midwives worked in twos at the beginning and after Sarah delivered her daughter Grace. The midwives communicated from time to time. Throughout the time that Sarah was in the hospital, there was teamwork (Jackson Tuckey, 2017). The midwives accompanied Sarah to St Helen medical center where she is referred. The problem arises when the doctor makes his decisions before the consultation, and the other team members are confused. The doctor later redirected the midwives to transfer Sarah to a public hospital yet initially they had agreed that the patient should be taken to a private hospital. The caregivers were concerned about the condition of Sarah, but the problem was that they did not respond in time. Teamwork should be more effective in the time of turbulence at a medical care which was not the case. Delays were caused by calling and the arrival of the emergency team (Varghese et al. 2015). Training should be administered to most of the medical practitioners. Training enables the caregivers to be more conversant with the medical procedure. For instance in the case of measuring the amount of blood loss of a patient that is suffering from PPH. Training will help in the efficiency of most of the procedures that are undertaken in the health centers (Rousseau et al. 2016). In addition, patients should be informed of the way to go about when they notice some symptoms. Like in the case of Sarah, if she was informed that her condition could not be treated in the local hospital, she could have advocated being taken to another medical institution. The emergency services more so those of the transport sector should be quick to respond to emergencies. Like in the case of Sarah, the emergency services team delayed a bit when they were summoned. Communication should always be effective amongst the team members at health facilities. For instance, most of the time the doctor was not around, and he only checked on Sarah on very few occasions (Wikkels et al. 2015). The collaboration of all the team workers would create more sensitive care to patients that suffer from pregnancy complications. It is also important for a health care to have its emergency services vehicle that can help in timely transportation of patients to referral hospitals. Conclusion There is an indication that a lot of women and not just Sarah James have lost their lives in cases related to complications of pregnancy. The cases are serious because they have led to massive deaths in women. The fact that some of the causes of the deaths could be controlled is so sad. It is evident that more developments and training should be done in health care facilities so that they can better give quality health care to patients with obstetric complications. Ethical standards should always be incorporated in medical care for the best results. The ability to save lives makes the health care sectors to earn the respect that they deserve. It is important for all stakeholders in the healthcare sector to diversify research and engage in the best practices so that the best care is given to women with PPH References Behling, D. J., Renaud, M. (2015). Development of an obstetric vital sign alert to improve outcomes in acute care obstetrics. Nursing for women's health, 19(2), 128-141. Bolin, M., kerud, H., Cnattingius, S., Stephansson, O., Wikstrm, A. K. (2014).Hyperemesis Gravidarum and Risks of Placental Dysfunction Disorders: A Population- Based Cohort Study. Obstetric Anesthesia Digest, 34(2), 106-107. Chi, B. H. (2015). Translating clinical management into an effective public health response topostpartum hemorrhage. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics Gynaecology, 122(2), 211-211. Dahlke, J. D., Mendez-Figueroa, H., Maggio, L., Hauspurg, A. K., Sperling, J. D., Chauhan, S. P., Rouse, D. J. (2015). Prevention and management of postpartum hemorrhage: acomparison of 4 national guidelines. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 213(1), 76-81. Egenberg, S., ian, P., Bru, L. E., Sautter, M., Kristoffersen, G., Eggeb, T. M. (2015). Can inter?professional simulation training influence the frequency of blood transfusions after birth?. Acta obstetrician et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 94(3), 316-323. Grnvall, M., Tikkanen, M., Metsthti, M., Loukovaara, M., Paavonen, J., Stefanovic, V. (2014). Pelvic arterial embolization in severe obstetric hemorrhage. Acta obstetrician et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 93(7), 716-719. Jackson, G., Tuckey, J. (2017). Recognition, High Dependency Care, and Transfer ofCritically Ill Maternity Patients Protocol (CG489). Policy. Jorgenson, D., Dalton, D., Farrell, B., Tsuyuki, R. T., Dolovich, L. (2013). Guidelines for pharmacists integrating into primary care teams. Canadian Pharmacists Journal/Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada, 146(6), 342-352. Hofmeyr, G. J., Qureshi, Z. (2016). Preventing deaths due to hemorrhage. Best Practice Research Clinical Obstetrics Gynaecology, 36, 68-82. Liu, W., Manias, E., Gerdtz, M. (2014). Medication communication through documentation in medical wards: knowledge and power relations. The nursing inquiry, 21(3), 246-258. Lavigne?Lissalde, G., Aya, A. G., Mercier, F. J., Roger?Christoph, S., Chaleur, C., Moreau, E., ... Boehlen, F. (2015). Recombinant human FVIIa for reducing the need for invasive second?line therapies in severe refractory postpartum hemorrhage: a multicenter, randomized, open controlled trial. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 13(4), 520-529. Le Gouez, A., Mercier, F. J. (2016). Major obstetric hemorrhage. Transfusion Clinique et Biologique, 23(4), 229-232. Macrae, C., Draycott, T. (2016). Delivering high reliability in maternity care: In simulation as a source of organizational resilience. Safety Science. Mishra, A., Doke, P. P. (2015). Assessing the Gap in Policies of Human Resources, Quality and Communication for Indian Teaching Hospitals. Sentilhes, L., Vayssire, C., Deneux-Tharaux, C., Aya, A. G., Bayoumeu, F., Bonnet, M. P., ... Dupont, C. (2016). Postpartum hemorrhage: guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF): in collaboration with the French Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (SFAR). European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 198, 12-21. Seacrist, M. J., Noell, D. (2016). Development of a tool to measure nurse clinical judgment during maternal mortality case review. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic Neonatal Nursing, 45(6), 870-877. Rousseau, A., Rozenberg, P., Perrodeau, E., Deneux-Tharaux, C., Ravaud, P. (2016). Variations in Postpartum Hemorrhage Management among Midwives: A National Vignette-Based Study. PloS one, 11(4), e0152863. Salati, J., Tolosa, J. E. (2016). The third stage of labor. In Obstetric Evidence-Based Guidelines (pp. 103-110). CRC Press. Varghese, B., Krishnamurthy, J., Correia, B., Panigrahi, R., Washington, M., Ponnuswamy, V., Mony, P. (2016). Limited effectiveness of a skills and drills intervention to improve emergency obstetric and newborn care in Karnataka, India: a proof-of-concept study. Global Health: Science and Practice, 4(4), 582-593. Wikkels, A. J., Edwards, H. M., Afshari, A., Stensballe, J., Langhoff-Roos, J., Albrechtsen, C., ... Pedersen, L. M. (2015). Pre-emptive treatment with fibrinogen concentrate for postpartum hemorrhage: randomized controlled trial. British Journal of anesthesia, 114(4), 623-633. Hanging on for life. (2017).Retrieved from:https://youtu.be/BObGVu_Gdmo

My Ideal Wife Essay Example

My Ideal Wife Essay My Ideal WifeA Descriptive Essay A popular saying goes, Marriage involves three rings: the engagement ring, the wedding ring, and the suffering. If it is commonly felt that marriage is so difficult, why do most people wish to get married? Probably, the instinct to find a mate is inherent in human beings; and I am no exception. Somehow, I believe that there is someone out there who was made especially for me, and, once I find her, we will fall in love, and get married; and only then will I feel complete. So, how will I recognize the right girl for me? What qualities should I be looking for? It is very important to have a person you can always rely on. I want my wife to be this person. She would be tightly connected with my life. I want to wake up by her tender kiss. The first thing I would see would be her smiling face. She would make a breakfast for us. We would call each other from time to time during all day. In the evening I want to have dinner with her, cooked by her, and fall asleep holding my arms around her. First of all, my future wife should be my best friend. I want to share all my troubles, sorrows and dreams with her. We will write a custom essay sample on My Ideal Wife specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on My Ideal Wife specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on My Ideal Wife specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She would never let me down and I could always rely on her. Secondly, I want my wife to be my partner. Everything would be common for us: our children, our house, our money, and duties. And we would have to make important decisions together. They should be sensible and reasonable. Also, we should trust each other. Next, I want to have a good mother for my future children. She should be warm-hearted, gentle, understanding, and sometimes strict with them because a mother plays more important role in bringing up children than a man does. I wish my children were worthy members of modern society. Then, my wife should be an elegant and a good-looking woman. I want her to have smartness and beauty combined. Nowadays it is quite difficult to find a girl who is smart and beautiful at the same time but I will do my best to find her. Character is more important than looks. I cannot deny that I am attracted to good-looking girls, but marrying solely for physical attraction will probably lead to short term pleasure but life-long regret. I have also noticed that beautiful women are often vain and rrogant, which I find most unattractive. One of the main things that I admire in a woman is humility. Such a woman will not boast about her wealth, intelligence or achievements, but, instead appreciate other peoples abilities and achievements. She will also readily admit when she has made a mistake. Such a woman would be a joy to live with. Good communication is the key to any solid relationship, most of all, marriage. I would want my future wife to share her thoughts with me. I want to hear her dreams and to share in her struggles. On the other hand, I will also need someone who will be ready to listen to me, and interested to know what is happening in my life. There should be no secrets between us. Life is full of challenges. We can expect to face failure as well as success; heartache as well as joy; boredom as well as excitement. So, the perfect wife should have a positive attitude and a good sense of humour. She should be witty and say things which make me laugh. The perfect wife would also be one who can see the silver lining behind every cloud, rather than focus on the flaws in every situation. With such a woman, I will be encouraged to look at life in a happier and more positive way. Above all other qualities, the perfect wife will be faithful. She must be someone who really believes in that marriage is made to last till death do us part. She will be totally committed to our relationship, and willing to stay for the long haul, in sickness and in health, for better or for worse; as couples promise in the wedding vows. The perfect wife would not be distracted by other men; not even when I have lost my looks. He would be a one man woman. In return, I will also promise my total loyalty and faithfulness to my future wife. Actually, there are many other qualities that make a woman an ideal wife. However, while it is easy to make lists, finding a woman to live up to them will be very difficult. Furthermore, instead of focusing on my requirements for the perfect wife, I think I should recognize my own imperfections, and set about correcting them. As Barnett Brickner said, Success in marriage does not come merely through finding the right mate, but through being the right mate. | |

Life as we know it essays

Life as we know it essays Gordon Parks was born in Fort Scott, Kansas in 1912, the youngest of sixteen children. Before making it as a successful photographer he went through many tough times. As his mother told him before her death. Make a man of yourself up there. Put something in to it, and youll get something out of it (Gibney). The weapons Parks used to get through life were poetry, music, and photography. Those were the weapons I used to fight racism, bigotry, and poverty in America. My advice to young people, especially Black people, is to not let the enemy use you (Gibney). As an aspiring artist he supported himself by working as a piano player, busboy, basketball player and Civilian Conservation Corpsman. He attended St. Paul Central High School working towards a diploma he never received. It was being a bus boy at the Lowry Hotel that exposed him to powerful people and new ideas. The Lowry Hotel was where influential band leaders of the time heard Parks compositions, and later performed them for lon ger audiences. At the age of twenty-five, he began to seriously consider a career in the direction of photography. Gordon Parks often created works of art centered around real life things due to how he grew up and what he was raised around, he wanted to express his life through his work. Inexperienced but ambitious, Parks first big break in professional photography came when he convinced Frank Murphys wifes clothing store in Saint Paul, Minnesota to let him try his hand at fashion photographs. In 1941, he became the first photographer to receive a fellowship from the Julius Rosenwald Foundation. While Parks was working as a waiter on the Northern Pacific Railroad, he ran into a magazine and was introduced to photographers such as Ben Shahn, Jack Delano, Carl Mydans, Dorothea Lange, John Vachon, and Walker Evans. They were photographing poverty, and I knew poverty so well, Parks recalls (...

Using Calculus To Calculate Income Elasticity of Demand

Using Calculus To Calculate Income Elasticity of Demand Suppose youre given the following question: Demand is Q -110P 0.32I, where P is the price of the good and I is the consumers income. What is the income elasticity of demand when income is 20,000 and price is $5? We saw that we can calculate any elasticity by the formula: Elasticity of Z with respect to Y (dZ / dY)*(Y/Z) Price elasticity of income: (dQ / dI)*(I/Q) demand equation dQ/dI 0.32 Income elasticity of demand: (dQ / dI)*(I/Q)Income elasticity of demand: (0.32)*(I/(-110P 0.32I))Income elasticity of demand: 0.32I/(-110P 0.32I) Income elasticity of demand: 0.32I/(-110P 0.32I)Income elasticity of demand: 6400/(-550 6400)Income elasticity of demand: 6400/5850Income elasticity of demand: 1.094 Demand is Income Elastic Next: Using Calculus To Calculate Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand Other Price Elasticity Equations Using Calculus To Calculate Price Elasticity of Demand Using Calculus To Calculate Income Elasticity of Demand Using Calculus To Calculate Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand Using Calculus To Calculate Price Elasticity of Supply

Case Study 2 HRD 425 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

2 HRD 425 - Case Study Example or in New England but foresees future competition from Super Valu and Fleming, which are two largest players with revenue turnover of over several billion dollars. The company has also recently opened a massive distribution cum warehousing facility at Brattleboro to reduce the impact of union as well as to expand its business interests. The company now needs to overhaul its operational strategies and strengthen its teamwork productivity to meet the challenges of highly competitive market. Currently C&S faces problems from myriad fronts vis-Ã  -vis lack of effective work coordination and productivity, lack of accountability and responsibility, problems with quality control, decreasing margin, low retention and increased absenteeism. After acquiring its biggest client, the company had started facing problems of employees’ turnover resulting in increased operational cost. There was also lack of accountability and work coordination which adversely impacted customer relationship. After opening its massive 300,000 square feet warehousing and distribution center in Brattleboro, it has expanded its services to include refrigerated and frozen items. The company now needs to redefine its market strategy and organizational capabilities to overcome increased operational cost. Most importantly, although C&S has bagged A&P’s orders, it has increasingly become difficult to coordinate its activities and efficiently meet the demands of its new client. At the same time, the needs of its existing clients are neither met competently nor are they getting the expected high quality of customer service. The firm significantly lacks cohesive and motivated teamwork that encourages collective goals and shared learning. The firm has around 800 employees with 30 supervises but distinctly lacks coordinated work environment. Workers lack motivation and have become frustrated with overwork resulting in employee’s turnover. The company needs to make radical changes in its operational

Health Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health Assessment - Essay Example From this study it is clear that  a health assessment is not a treatment but rather an evaluation and analysis of an individual’s health status in relation to the health continuum. A health assessment is done majorly for various purposes. First, a health assessment is done to establish a good relationship between a nurse and his or her patient. Secondly, the assessment aids the health care professionals to establish a patient’s potential and actual problems in addition to his/her strengths and weaknesses. On a broader spectrum, a health assessment lays the foundation for the nursing process. Subsequently, the data gathered from this process is used by nurses to diagnose problems that need nursing care.This paper discusses that separate health assessment into physical assessment and history assessment. History as a concept is significant since health tends to occur on a continuum. It is commonly understood in the nursing/ healthcare industry that focusing on the histor y of the patient provides critical data to the nurses. The level of healthcare assessment is dependent on the healthcare practitioner. However, majorly the focus is mainly bio psychosocial in general. For example, if a patient is in the emergency room, the main focus will be on the chief complaint and how to aid the patient recover. If the patient suffers from a heart attack, then initially the focus will be directed on the physical/biological problem.

Return to Normalcy Essay Example for Free

Return to Normalcy Essay â€Å"Return to Normalcy† United States presidential candidate Warren G. Harding’s campaign promise in the election of 1920. Doc 7 Muscle Shoals famous for its contributions to American popular music in the 1920’s. Doc 24 Election of 1924 – Republican Calvin Coolidge wins election by a landslide. Doc 11 Federal Farm Board created in 1929, before the stock market crash on Black Tuesday, 1929, but its powers were later enlarged to meet the economic crisis farmers faced during the Great Depression. It was established by the Agricultural Marketing Act to stabilize prices and to promote the sale of agricultural products. The board would help farmers stabilize prices by holding surplus grain and cotton in storage. Doc 7 Theodore Dreiser an American novelist and journalist of the naturalist school. His novels often featured main characters that succeeded at their objectives despite a lack of a firm moral code, and literary situations that more closely resemble studies of nature than tales of choice and agency. Dreisers best known novels include Sister Carrie (1900) and An American Tragedy (1925). Doc 3 T. S. Eliot a publisher, playwright, literary and social critic and arguably the most important English-language poet of the 20th century. Although he was born an American, he moved to the United Kingdom in 1914 (at age 25) and was naturalized as a British subject in 1927 at age 39. Doc 1 Fundamentalists The demand for a strict adherence to specific theological doctrines usually understood as a reaction against Modernist theology, combined with a vigorous attack on outside threats to their religious culture. The term fundamentalism was originally coined by its supporters to describe a specific package of theological beliefs that developed into a movement within the Protestant community of the United States in the early part of the 20th century, and that had its roots in the Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy of that time. Doc 20 Billy Sunday an American athlete who, after being a popular outfielder in baseballs National League during the 1880s, became the most celebrated and influential American evangelistduring the first two decades of the 20th century. Henry Ford [Model T]- an automobile that was produced by Henry Fords Ford Motor Company from September 1908 to October 1927. It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, the car that opened travel to the common middle-class American; some of this was because of Fords innovations, including assembly line production instead of individual hand crafting. (23) flappers- a new breed of young Western women in the 1920s who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior. Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup, drinking, treating sex in a casual manner, smoking, driving automobiles and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms. (8,9,14,22) Harlem Renaissance- a cultural movement that spanned the 1920s and 1930s. At the time, it was known as the New Negro Movement, named after the 1925 anthology by Alain Locke. Though it was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City, many French-speaking black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in Paris were also influenced by the Harlem Renaissance. 3) Marcus Garvey- a Jamaican publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator who was a staunch proponent of the Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements, to which end he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL). He founded the Black Star Line, part of the Back-to-Africa movement, which promoted the return of the African Diaspora to their ancestral lands. (10) Charles Lindbergh- an American aviator, author, inventor, explorer, and social activist. As a 25-year-old U. S.  Air Mail pilot Lindbergh emerged suddenly from virtual obscurity to instantaneous world fame as the result of his Orteig Prize-winning solo non-stop flight on May 20–21, 1927, made from Roosevelt Field[N 1] located in Garden City on New Yorks Long Island to Le Bourget Field in Paris, France. (5,21) Twenty-One Demands- a set of demands made by the Empire of Japan under Prime Minister Okuma Shigenobu sent to the nominal government of the Republic of China on January 18, 1915, resulting in two treaties with Japan on May 25, 1915. 5:5:3:1. 75:1. 5 naval ratio- after World War I, many nations became concerned about the threat of another war and the possibility of an arms race. To address these issues in the naval arena, in 1922, Great Britain, the United States, Japan, France, and Italy signed the Five Powers Treaty at the Washington Conference. In the treaty, the powers agreed to a 5:5:3:1. 75:1. 75 ratio of naval tonnage and restrictions with regard to new building of both ships and bases. Young Plan- a program for settlement of German reparations debts after World War I written in 1929 and formally adopted in 1930. It was presented by the committee headed (1929–30) by American Owen D. Young. The reparations, set in January 1921 by an Inter-Allied Reparations Commission at 269 billion gold marks (the equivalent of around 100,000 tonnes of pure gold) were deliberately crushing. Teapot Dome Scandal- a bribery incident that took place in the United States in 1922–1923, during the administration of President Warren G. Harding. Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome and two other locations to private oil companies at low rates without competitive bidding. doc 24 Secy. of the Treasury Mellon (tax cuts)- Mellon came into office with a goal of reducing the huge federal debt from World War I. To do this, he needed to increase the federal revenue and cut spending. He believed that if the tax rates were too high, then the people would try to avoid paying them. He observed that as tax rates had increased during the first part of the 20th century, investors moved to avoid the highest rates by choosing tax-free municipal bonds, for instance. (doc 15 Progressive Party- was an American political party. It was formed by former President Theodore Roosevelt, after a split in the Republican Party between himself and President William Howard Taft. â€Å"The Lost Generation†- is a term used to refer to the generation, actually a cohort, that came of age during World War I. The term was popularized by Ernest Hemingway who used it as one of two contrasting epigraphs for his novel, The Sun Also Rises. (doc 9, Doc 13 Ernest Hemingway [A Farewell to Arms]- a semi-autobiographical novel written by Ernest Hemingway concerning events during the Italian campaigns during the First World War. The book, which was first published in 1929, is a first-person account of American Frederic Henry, serving as a Lieutenant (Tenente) in the ambulance corps of the Italian Army. The title is taken from a poem by 16th-century English dramatist George Peele. (doc 13 prohibition [Volstead Act]- prohibited the production, sale, and transport of intoxicating liquors, it did not define intoxicating liquors or provide penalties. It granted both the federal government and the states the power to enforce the ban by appropriate legislation. A bill to do so was introduced in Congress in 1919. (Doc 2 Immigration Acts (1921, 1924)- was a United States federal law that limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890, down from the 3% cap set by the Immigration Restriction Act of 1921, according to the Census of 1890. doc 11, doc 17 Scopes Trial- was a landmark American legal case in 1925 in which high school science teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessees Butler Act which made it unlawful to teach evolution in any state-funded school. (Doc 1 The Jazz Singer (Doc 7)- is a 1927 American musical film. The first feature-length motion picture with synchronized dialogue sequences, its release heralded the commercial ascendance of the talkies and the decline of the silent f ilm era. Produced by Warner Bros. with its Vitaphone sound-on-disc system, the movie stars Al Jolson, who performs six songs. The â€Å"New Woman† (Doc 22)- was a feminist ideal that emerged in the late 19th century. The New Woman pushed the limits set by male-dominated society, especially as modeled in the plays of Norwegian Henrik Ibsen (1828–1906). The New Woman sprang fully armed from Ibsens brain, according to a joke by Max Beerbohm (1872–1956). Langston Hughes (Doc. 3)- was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist. He was one of the earliest innovators of the then-new literary art form jazz poetry. Hughes is best known for his work during the Harlem Renaissance. Pan-African Movement (Document 10)- is a movement that seeks to unify African people or people living in Africa, into a one African community† Differing types of Pan-Africanism seek different levels of economic, racial, social, or political unity. Spirit of St. Louis (Doc 21)- is the custom-built, single engine, single-seat monoplane that was flown solo by Charles Lindbergh on May 20–21, 1927, on the first non-stop flight from New York to Paris for which Lindbergh won the $25,000 Orteig Prize. Washington Naval Conference(NA)- also called the Washington Arms Conference, was a military conference called by President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922. Conducted outside the auspices of the League of Nations, it was attended by nine nations. Dawes Plan(NA)- was an attempt in 1924 to solve the reparations problem, which had bedeviled international politics, in the wake of the Ruhr occupation and the hyperinflation crisis. It provided for the Allies to collect war reparations debt from Germany. Intended as an interim measure, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it. Kellogg-Briand Treaty(NA)- agreement, signed Aug. 27, 1928, condemning â€Å"recourse to war for the solution of international controversies. † It is more properly known as the Pact of Paris. In June, 1927, Aristide Briand, foreign minister of France, proposed to the U. S. government a treaty outlawing war between the two countries.

What is the Function of a Social Contract? Essay -- essays research pa

What is the Function of a Social Contract? Philosophers have been concerned with the theories of a social contract for thousands of years. Plato mentions the concept in Crito and in Republic. These theories have stemmed from the concept of justice and for our society to be just. I will look at the works of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and finally with John Rawls after which a overall view into the function of a social contract can be derived as well as any problems with the theory(s). The basic concept of a social contract is for members of society to enter into a voluntary contract, which allows society to go from a state of nature to a state of civilisation. What is meant by a state of nature is quite similar to how the rest of the animal kingdom works. A person ¡Ã‚ ¦s security depends on his or her own personal power. The fittest survive and the weakest suffer. Every person is concerned with his or her own ends. Plato outlined two types of contract within society. These were the contract of citizenship and the contract of community. The contract of citizenship was tackled in Crito. He regarded it as a contract made by each individual citizen with the state or law. If a man is to remain in a political society he will have to accept its obligations for he has enjoyed it privileges and benefits. The contract of community was covered in Republic Book II. This theory is based on the assumption the man is an egoist. With this assumption of  ¡Ã‚ ¥every man for himself ¡Ã‚ ¦ it is likely that he would either cause harm to others or sustain harm from others and therefore there would be a need to combat this. Thomas Hobbes published his work, the leviathan, which included theories of a social contract. His view is very similar to Plato ¡Ã‚ ¦s in regards to contract of community. He felt that there was a need for members of a society to Curtail the war of all against all and without these theories this war would spiral out of control with everyone competing against scarce resources. He talks about how a person ¡Ã‚ ¦s strength is all that protects them from others. The only way he saw fit to counter this predicament would be for a person to voluntarily agree to a contract where their natural freedom is given up in return for personal security. This freedom would be give up to the supreme authority, the Leviathan, which would serve as a  ¡Ã‚ ¥common pow... ...ction to relatives and close associates. The theory of general will also has problems. What can protect society from unjust rulers who say they are working in the way of general will? General will does not allow for difference in taste. It also identifies moral obligation with general interest. This is a problem because people may have similar morals but have different interest. The rulers can also work with regards to the interest of the state but not with regards to morals. Bibliography Æ’Ã ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leviathan; Thomas Hobbes edited by Richard Tuck; 1991; Cambridge University Press Æ’Ã ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rousseau ¡Ã‚ ¦s Political Philosophy; Ramon M Lemos; 1977; University of Georgia Press Æ’Ã ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Second Treatise of Government; John Locke edited by Thomas P Peardon; 1952; Bobbs and Merrill company inc. Æ’Ã ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Problems of Political Philosophy revised edition; DD Raphael; 1976; Macmillan Press ltd. Æ’Ã ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Social Contract and Discourses; Jean Jacques Rousseau translated by GDH Cole; 1973; JM Dent and Sons ltd. Æ’Ã ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Social Contract or Principles of Political Right second edition revised; Jean Jacques Rousseau translated by Henry J Tozer; 1898; Swan Sonnenschein and Co.

Recommendations: Project Management Essay

Obviously, the type of the organizational structure that MP used is Vertical Coordination. MP is a movie&record industry, so its product is relatively simple. Vertical Coordination is the most basic and ubiquitous way to harmonize the efforts of individuals, units, or divisions is to designate a boss with formal authority. In this structureï ¼Å'departments just focus on their core tasks, workers who have the same specialty are get together and seem to be more efficient. However, the MP’s that being typecast as solely a â€Å"music† or â€Å"black† production company would limit the industry’s opportunities and would leave the company vulnerable should the entertainment market shift. In order to achieve the company’s goal of product diversification, MP needs to change its organizational structure. Matrix Structure will be adjust to MP’s development because this form is common in the product diversification. At other production companies, executives generally had portfolios of projects which they personally developed. At MP, executives shared responsibilities on projects, often going to meetings for one another and consulting with each other. Therefore, although each project was the principal responsibility of a given executive, a number of executives might be working on the same project at the same time. Although this approach avoids the inconvenience to communication of each department effectively, But at the same time, it also causes the confusion of management and division of unbalance. So my recommendation is as follow: Unless getting the agreement from the meeting, the executives of each department are just focus on their cases.

Publius Virgilius Maro Essay

Aside from Christianity there is no other force that shaped Western civilization other than the Greco-Roman culture. And there is no better representation of that period in history other than Rome and Publius Viirgilius Maro, also known as Virgil. A closer examination of Virgil and his works made many to realize that Virgil was a byproduct of events and it is the twin forces of the Roman Empire and Greek history that prompted Virgil to write. This paper will look into the two factors that influenced the writing of Publius Virgilius Maro. This can be done by looking first at the events that transpired before Virgil began writing and this means tracing back Greek and Roman history. The second way of knowing the connection between history and Virgil’s writings is to dig into his works and of course this means analyzing the Aeneid. It will be shown later that it is Roman history and Homer that shaped Virgil to become the writer that he was destined to be. Rome After more than two thousand years the world is still mesmerized by Rome. It is because of its legacy, it military prowess, and form of government. Rome was without equal when it comes to how it help shape Western history. Yet in the early days of Roman history there is not much to see. There is nothing that could make an outsider ascertain its potential to be a dominant ruler of known world in antiquity. Ting Morris traced its early development in obscurity and he remarked, â€Å"Rome began around 2,800 years ago as a few small settlements on wooded hills overlooking the Tiber River† (4). But then Rome began to distance itself from the Latin communities from which it was supposed to be a part of. What happens next began a series of development that will catapult this small community into the world map, â€Å"†¦the roman Republic conquered first Latium, then all of Italy. The Romans annexed much foreign territory to their own state, but they also established a system of alliances with all other states. This gave the Romans a vast reserve of manpower that allowed them to overthrow every major power in the Mediterranean†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Mackay, 40). A new age has come and a new military superpower was born. But when the Romans began to assimilate remnants of Alexander’s Empire, the new European power came face to face with an ancient civilization whose insight into religion, politics, and philosophy was far ahead of its time. In short the Romans, â€Å"†¦ recognized something in Greek culture that was more impressive than anything Rome itself achieved, in spite of Rome’s unprecedented military success† (Cox). At this point Rome was all brute force. Yes the soldiers led by the Caesars were brave, strong and are very eager to make their mark in the battlefield but when it comes to culture, the Romans were barbarians compared to the Greeks. The Romans discovered an effective methodology in fighting wars and they even had the distinct advantage of knowing how to build an empire out of disparate tribes and nations. They were experts in campaigns that require traveling far from home and yet they lack one more thing. They did not have a good system that can be put in place after victory. This is similar to the idea that it is easy to start a war but the more difficult thing to do is how to end it. So when Rome began to feel the success of empire building the more that they felt the need for a way of life that will enhance their reputation in Europe while at the same time offer them an opportunity to enjoy life more. They found the answer from the sophisticated Greeks. Virgil The Romans had to learn from the Greeks and their history can be characterized not only by empire building but also by the why they incorporated Greek thought and the Greek’s way of life into their own unique system. Now there is none better who understood the need for assimilating Greek culture than the Roman intellectuals of that time. In fact, â€Å"Among the adaptors of Greek culture, none was more brilliant †¦ than the poet Virgil. He faced a formidable challenge. Everyone who encountered Greek culture recognized how much it was shaped by Homer† (Cox). This means that there is a great need to surpass Homer and if this is not possible then at least equal Homer’s genius. If this can be achieved then the Romans had done something which other Greek imitators failed to do and that is to provide a great explanation for their existence. A myth has to be created, a legend has to be made and the purpose for such an endeavor is obvious. There is a need for something that will hold the empire together. At the time of writing the Aeneid, Rome was again in the cusp of revolution. Julius Caesar was defeated by Augustus Caesar and so steps must be made to consolidate his power and to strengthen the arm of the new emperor. For a brilliant man like Virgil, times like this one is an opportunity that must be grabbed by both hands. Virgil proceeded to hit two birds with one stone. First he would write an epic that will explain the origins of Rome. He will do so by using stories that are already familiar among the people that he wants to see united under Augustus Caesar and during that time there was no other story quite like the one weaved by Homer centuries before. Virgil saw that epic struggle for good and evil; battles between heroes; and the self-sacrificial behavior of some heroes simply because they believe in something higher than themselves proved to be a formula hard to resist. Virgil was ready to accept the challenge. But it is clear from the beginning that it would not be an easy task. Aside from that Homer is a world unto itself. And as they say there is no way one can improve on perfection, the Iliad and the Odyssey are the blueprints for creating great epics and so what else can be done to make it better. Virgil was able to solve this problem by being inventive and by starting where Homer ended his story. When Troy fell, one of her sons went on to build another kingdom. But then again Virgil cannot escape the past. Virgil could not resist using a successful formula. As they say there is no need to fix what was broken. Judging from the power of the Iliad and the Odyssey to move people it is almost impossible not to use the same method and technique of telling a great story. And so Virgil copied many ideas from Homer. In the introduction to the Aeneid Levi Robert pointed out that: Virgil borrowed from Homer a great many items: his verse form, the division into twelve books, mythology, many episodes and similes. In the Aeneid Venus doubles for Nausicaa, Dido for Calypso and Circe, and Drances for Thersites. The funeral games the desecent into Hades, where Aeneas meets Dido as Odysseus met Ajax, the prophecy of Anchises, the catalogue of ships, Turnus attempt to burn them, a broken truce †¦ a quarrel of two Italian leaders †¦ and a final single combat (Robert, xiii). Aeneid The Aeneid is basically the story of Aeneas, the god-like leader of a band of Trojan refugees fleeing to Italy after the fall of Troy. In the beginning, Aeneas built a fleet with the goal in mind of settling in a foreign land and to finally establish a new nation of Trojans. In Virgil’s mind, he wanted the world to understand the basis for the establishment of the Roman Empire. And there is nothing as perfect as that. Hornstein, Percy and Brown’s book, The Reader’s Companion to World Literature, was very helpful in understanding the context from which Virgil’s Aeneid was written, and they said that it was written at a time of conflict. Italy was ravaged by more than fifty years of revolution and civil war. When the long-sought peace came, a new form of government was fashioned from a battle weary nation. And with the new set-up, ultimate power was in the hands of one man- Augustus Caesar. It was during this time that the Roman Virgil began working on the Aeneid. Hornstein, Brown and Percy wrote: Vergil began the poem in 29 B. C. , two years after the battle of Actium brought this period of civil war to an end. He had long been preparing for the task. His purpose was national: he desired to glorify the Roman people by his theme and exalt the Emperor in the person of his hero. (5) Homer Putnam acknowledge that Virgil is under the towering shadow of Homer when he made this judgment, â€Å"Homer himself, against whose essential insights into humanity, Virgil’s own achievement will always be measured. † Homer’s success allowed him to set the standard upon which others who will come after him will be forced to measure up. Allen Mandelbaum tells of how his previous study prevented him from fully appreciating Virgil’s works and he said, â€Å"One was a tag line of mark Van Doren that echoed through my youth with tenacious resonance: ‘Homer is a world; Virgil, a style’. † It also did not help that the critics saw Virgil as copying Homer, Gaskell said, â€Å"The overall plan of Virgil’s epic was plainly Homeric, with its main elements reversed: now the odyssey of the man comes first and the armed fighting follows it: but the Homeric parallels are many and obvious. † (161). The only major difference was that Homer was illiterate and therefore had to express the beauty of his poetry in oral reform. On the other hand Virgil was literate and he could study Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey in written form as well as compose his own epic and was able to write it down. This explains the difference in style but all the more strengthens the view that Virgil was strongly influenced by Homer. Conclusion Now the pieces of the puzzle begin to fall down into its proper places and one can now see the bigger picture. It was mentioned earlier that it was in 168 BC when the Romans began to conquer the remnants of Alexander’s Empire and it is through the conquest of former Greek states that the Romans saw first hand the beauty that was Greece. In short the highly militaristic Romans lacked the cultural refinements that one can find in abundance in Greek societies. It is through the process of incorporating Greek culture into the Roman’s way of life that they rediscovered the power of Homeric poetry. It took the genius of Virgil to use Homer’s works and use it as the foundation for his own epic. And so in 29 BC Virgil began writing the Aeneid with the purpose of emulating what Homer has achieved in Greece. Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey provided a sense of identity for all Greeks and Virgil was hoping to achieve the same results. But the desire to incorporate Greek life into Roman life is easier said than done. But everyone who will try to copy from someone begins by copying almost everything that one can see and the eye can appreciate. For instance the Romans copied the design of their temples and they also described their gods using the same attributes found in Greek society. But there is no need to worry because the Roman changed the Greek sounding names of their gods into Roman names for their statues. Virgil attempted to accomplish two major things when he wrote the Aeneid. He wanted to impress the new emperor (Augustus Caesar) and secondly he wanted to have a unique Roman epic that will help unite the people. Virgil was successful in achieving both. The hero of the Aeneid was behaving in much the same way as Augustus Caesar especially with regards to his conquest and the subsequent creation of a new nation out of that sheer determination to succeed. Now for the second part, Virgil was also able to create an epic that can be comparable to Homer. It is true that he copied many things from Homer and yet at the same time his stories were never simply a rehash of what Homer did. Virgil simply needed an inspiration to get going and he found it in the character of Aeneas whom Homer briefly mentioned in his work. From this little known character, Aeneid began to build a story that made the peoples pulse to race. It was indeed an epic story of battles, of struggle between good and evil, of heroes who most of the time failed to achieve their potential and sometimes die a tragic death. The Aeneid is basically an explanation as to the existence of Rome. For many there is a need to have that kind of idea, that kind of emotional anchor in times of trouble. And there is no way to fully understand the impact of Aeneid towards the people of Rome. But one thing is sure Virgil’s work was able to unite the whole of the empire and is instrumental as to why the empire endured for so long. It is now very clear that that Virgil was influenced by historical events and the circumstances that surrounded his life. If there were two streams where these influences came from then Homer is a mighty source of inspiration while the politics and warfare in ancient Rome provided Virgil with more materials to use. In Rome’s struggle to carve out a nation in Europe was evident in Aeneid where the hero had to travel and faced with numerous risks just so he can establish a new nation. It was Homer who provided much influence for Virgil. If Homer did not produce the Iliad and Odyssey it is hard to imagine Virgil able to make his own. This is not to take away anything form the accomplishments of Virgil but it would be almost impossible for him to write beautifully without Homer as guide. Homer did not only provide the seed from which Virgil will grow a powerful story, Homer also provided the correct format. And so putting it all together it is now very clear that Virgil was a byproduct of the events that surrounded him. Yet even before he was born, Homer’s influence and genius was already felt in many parts of the Western world. When Virgil was still very young it is easy to imagine that he was already familiar with the Iliad and Odyssey and no doubt the stories found in those epics help to shape the way he thinks. Works Cited Appelbaum, Stanley. Ed. â€Å"The Aeneid by Vergil† Trans. Charles J. Billson. Canada: Dover Publications, 1995. Cox, John. Introduction to Virgil, The Aeneid. 2008. General Education at Hope College. 03 April 2008. < http://www. hope. edu/academic/ids/171/Aeneid. html Gaskell, Philip. Ed. â€Å"Landmarks in Classical Literature† Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1999. Hemminger, Bill. Exploring Ancient World Cultures: Rome. 1997. EAWC at University of Evansville. 02 April 2008. < http://eawc. evansville. edu/ropage. htm> Hornstein, L. H. , G. D. Percy, and Calvin S. Brown. Eds. â€Å"The Reader’s Companion to World Literature† New York: Penguin Putnam, Inc. , 1973. Knight, G. R. Wilson. Trans. â€Å"The Aeneid by Virgil† New York: Penguin Putnam, Inc. , 1956. Mackay, Christopher. â€Å"Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History. † New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Mandelbaum, Allen. Trans. â€Å"The Aeneid by Virgil† California: University of California Press, 1971. Morford, Mark P. O. and Robert J. Lenardon. â€Å"Classical Mythology† 7th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Morris, Ting. â€Å"Ancient Rome. † MN: Smart Apple Media, 2007.

Democracy and Iraq essays

Democracy and Iraq essays Through what in retrospect seems to be a highly manipulative and dishonest media campaign, George Bush Jr. and the United States armed forces have turned their focus on the democratization of Iraq. Once the necessary evidence needed to support the idea that Saddam Hussein was hiding weapons of mass destruction remained unfound a new mission needed to be established. So the seemingly impossible task of bringing western democracy to a distinctly non-western state has fallen upon the United States of America. Is this even possible? Do not, first and foremost according to the basics democracy, the Iraq people need to want western democracy? Assuming that the Iraqi people do want to be subject to the western idea of self-rule, can they be taught how? The first problem with the democratization of Iraq is the historical context. Iraq sits upon what historically has been a frontier in the sense that Mesopotamias unique geographic features and location have attracted a succession of invaders (Helms 1984, 8). The Middle East has been subject to invasion of the western world for centuries. Beginning with the crusades from Europe in the 11th century, more recently with the perceived invasion of the West bank and the Creation of Israel the animosity towards the west only grows (Mackey 2002, 384). It isnt hard to figure why the Iraqis have not been welcoming Operation Iraqi Freedoms soldiers with open arms. Arab unity was central to the recently ousted Baths partys ideology. Numerous attempts were made by Arab Nationalists to make it a reality (Helms 54). Numerous members of the Bath party have been left over in Iraq. Many citizens of Iraq still believe in a unified Arab world and in that world there is no room for U.S. occupation or Israel for that matter. Many of these insiders, commandos and officials, still exists and wage war on the occupyi...

Why Nat Turners Rebellion Scared White Southerners

Why Nat Turner's Rebellion Scared White Southerners Nat Turner’s rebellion in 1831 frightened Southerners because it challenged the idea that slavery was a  benevolent institution. In speeches and writings, slave owners portrayed themselves not so much as ruthless businessmen exploiting a people for their labor but as kind and well-intentioned masters tutoring blacks in civilization and religion. A pervasive white Southern fear of rebellion, however, belied their own arguments that slaves were, in fact, happy. Uprisings like the one Turner staged in Virginia left no doubt that slaves wanted their freedom. Nat Turner, Prophet Turner was born into slavery on Oct. 2, 1800, in Southampton County, Va., on slaveholder Benjamin Turner’s farm. He recounts in his confession (published as The Confessions of Nat Turner) that even when he was young, his family believed he: â€Å"surely would be a prophet, as the Lord had shewn me things that had happened before my birth. And my father and mother strengthened me in this my first impression, saying in my presence, I was intended for some great purpose, which they had always thought from certain marks on my head and breast.† By his own account, Turner was a deeply spiritual man. He spent his youth praying and fasting, and one day, while taking a prayer break from plowing, he heard a voice: â€Å"The spirit spoke to me, saying ‘Seek ye the kingdom of Heaven and all things shall be added unto you.’† Turner was convinced throughout his adulthood that he had some great purpose in life, a conviction that his experience at the plow confirmed. He searched for that mission in life, and starting in 1825, he began receiving visions from God. The first occurred after he had run away and bade him return to slaveryTurner was told that he shouldn’t indulge his earthly wishes for freedom, but rather he was to serve the â€Å"kingdom of Heaven,† from bondage. From then on, Turner experienced visions that he believed meant he was to attack directly the institution of slavery. He had a vision of a spiritual battleof black and white spirits at waras well as a vision in which he was instructed to take up the cause of Christ. As the years passed, Turner waited for a sign that it was time for him to act. The Rebellion A startling eclipse of the sun in February of 1831 was the sign for which Turner had been waiting. It was time to strike against his enemies. He didn’t hurryhe gathered followers and planned. In August of that same year, they struck. At 2 a.m. on Aug. 21, Turner and his men killed the family of Joseph Travis on whose farm he had been a slave for over a year. Turner and his group then moved through the county, going from house to house, killing whites they encountered and recruiting more followers. They took money, supplies, and firearms as they traveled. By the time the white inhabitants of Southampton had become alerted to the rebellion, Turner and his men numbered approximately 50 or 60 and included five free black men. A battle between Turner’s force and white Southern men ensued on Aug. 22, around mid-day near the town of Jerusalem. Turner’s men dispersed in the chaos, but a remnant remained with Turner to continue the fight. The state militia fought Turner and his remaining followers on Aug. 23, but Turner eluded capture until Oct. 30. He and his men had managed to kill 55 white Southerners. The Aftermath of Nat Turner’s Rebellion According to Turner, Travis had not been a cruel master, and that was the paradox that white Southerners had to face in the aftermath of Nat Turner’s Rebellion. They attempted to delude themselves that their slaves were content, but Turner forced them to confront the innate evil of the institution. White Southerners responded brutally to the rebellion. They executed 55 slaves for participating in or supporting the revolt, including Turner, and other angry whites killed over 200 African-Americans in the days after the rebellion. Turners rebellion not only pointed to the lie that slavery was a benevolent institution but also showed how white Southerners own Christian beliefs supported his bid for freedom. Turner described his mission in his confession: â€Å"The Holy Ghost had revealed itself to me, and made plain the miracles it had shown me- For as the blood of Christ had been shed on this earth, and had ascended to heaven for the salvation of sinners, and was now returning to earth again in the form of dew- and as the leaves on the trees bore the impression of the figures I had seen in the heavens, it was plain to me that the Saviour was about to lay down the yoke he had borne for the sins of men, and the great day of judgment was at hand.† Sources â€Å"Africans in America.† PBS.org.  Haskins, Jim et al. â€Å"Nat Turner† in African-American Religious Leaders. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, 2008.Oates, Stephen. The Fires of Jubilee: Nat Turner’s Fierce Rebellion. New York: HarperCollins, 1990.Turner, Nat. .The Confessions of Nat Turner Baltimore: Lucas Deaver, 1831.

The Impact of Sea Level Rise Due to Climate Change Research Paper

The Impact of Sea Level Rise Due to Climate Change - Research Paper Example Global climate change has been attributed to natural as well as anthropogenic agents. Climate change is responsible for the rise in sea level in two major ways. To begin with, rising temperature on land causes land ice, to melt. Land ice is melting faster than ever before as a result of increasing temperatures. According to Cazenave1 and Cozannet (2014), as land ice shrinks by melting away, the melt water drains into oceans and seas of the world. Consequently, the sea level rises and water overflow the banks. Also, climate change results into rising level of the sea because of rising temperatures, which cause sea water to expand. As the sea water gets heated up, it expands occupying more space and eventually finds its way out into the land bordering the sea. Thermal expansion of sea water has been responsible for the rise in sea level for the last century since the birth of industrial revolution. The Impacts of Rising Sea Level A significant number of individuals live in coastal areas around the world. In the United States alone, about a third of the country’s population reside in coastal regions. A good number of states bordering the sea have large pieces of low-lying lands, which are very susceptible to rising level of the sea as well as coastal storm surges. The persistent rise in sea level puts the coastal regions at risk in many ways. These include: coastal community flooding causing massive destruction of property and infrastructure, degradation of shoreline from erosion and landslides, increased storm surges and loss of wetlands and estuaries.

The challenges of increasing diversity in schools today Essay

The challenges of increasing diversity in schools today - Essay Example In Canada, for instance, schools continue to face significant challenges in accepting diversity. Usual is the recognition of the holidays or foods or costumes of different cultures, however, those are only superficial as compared to understanding difficult issues around accommodating so many diverse beliefs and customs. On top of this, schools struggle to accommodate students whose first language is not English or French, or other similar needs because they lack the specialized capacity to provide for them (Levin, 2008). In the US, upon entering elementary school, large numbers of limited-English-proficient and bilingual students are placed in programs that assume relatively low levels of achievement and focus on remedial education (Independent Commission on Chapter 1, 1992; Stanford Working Group, 1993; U.S. Department of Education, 1993). Such inequities in different children’s expectations for school success may be a grave affront to equal opportunities that Americans highly value and take pride in. Thus, it threatens the future well-being of the society relying on the harmonious coexistence of multiple cultures. Government, as well as non-government organizations such as the National Association for the Education of Young Children and the National Association for Family Day Care are exerting efforts in promoting multi-cultural education through the publication of curricula and handbooks focusing on an anti-bias setting. Likewise, the National Association of State Boards of Education Task Force on Early Childhood Education encourages the use of children’s home language and culture to foster the development of basic skills. Such efforts seek to ensure that children’s first school experiences are positive in that they feel accepted for who they are regardless of their cultural background. The controversies surrounding the growing diversity in

International financial reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International financial reporting - Essay Example Therefore, it is important that users are able to distinguish the financial statements clearly from other related information published in the annual report as IASs or IFRs only apply to the financial statement. 3.0 Qualitative Characteristics The framework states: â€Å"Qualitative characteristics are the attributes that make the information provided in financial statement useful to users†. The statement of principles identifies five principal qualitative characteristics consist of understandability, relevance, reliability, materiality, and comparability elaborated as below. 3.1 Understandability Understandability refers to the way in which information is presented in the financial statements and the capabilities of the users to utilize the financial information. However, assumption is made whereby users are equip with basic business, economic and accounting knowledge and thus be able to interpret the information accurately. All the relevant information is required to be refl ected in the financial statement disregards of its complexity and the fear that misunderstanding would arise due to the complexity of the issue. Additionally, an organized presentation of financial information would enhance the understandability of the users. 3.2 Relevance Information is said to be relevant if it has the ability to influence the economic decisions of the users and is provided in time to influence those decisions. Relevant information assists users in analyzing the past trends, present situation and predicts the future prospect based on the past analysis. Besides that, it allows the users to enhance their knowledge on the firm by confirming or correcting their past evaluations. The ratios calculated based on the financial statement provides an insight on the financial performance of the firm and areas which are of high interest to the owner such as dividend payout, price earnings ratio and earnings per share. Moreover, it can be used to evaluate and predict its futur e outlook and indicate the firm’s investment attractiveness. 3.3 Materiality The relevance of information is affected by its nature and materiality. Information is considered to be material if its omission or misstatement would significantly affect the economic decisions of the users, taken on the basis of financial statement. Items which are substantial in terms of size and nature such as auditor fees and director fees are essential to be disclosed in the financial statement. However, materiality is not a primary qualitative characteristic itself as it is merely a threshold or cut-off point. 3.4 Reliability Information must also be trusty and possess faithful representation. Information is reliable when it is free from material errors and bias and can be depended upon by users to represent the economic conditions that it purports to represent or could reasonably be expected to represent. Besides that, it contains the characteristics of being verifiable and neutral. Informati on which is relevant but unreliable may be misleading and cause disputes or claim for damages in a legal action. 3.4.1 Faithful Presentation Information must represent faithfully the transactions it purports to represent in order to be reliable. There is a risk that this may not be the case, not due to bias, but due to the inherent difficulties in identifying the transactions or deciding on an appropriate method of measurement or

Crisis Intervention From A Biblical Perspective

Crisis Intervention From A Biblical Perspective A crisis is a situation which is unstable and of extreme difficulty or danger. According to mental health, a crisis is the reaction of a person towards an event. Different people react differently to events. One person can be affected deeply by a certain event while another may have little or no ill effects towards the same event. This is dependent on peoples behavior or skills, levels of maturity, personalities and the ability to cope. For some people, reaction to crisis may be coupled with behavior change such as over eating or insomnia. For other people reactions such as disbelief, inability to cope or denial may be evident. Others still may experience physiological changes such that they may start to sweat, faint or their heart rate may increase. Many people perceive crisis to be an unexpected sudden calamity such as a natural disaster or a car accident. However, crises range in how severe it is and also in type. Sometimes, crisis can be a predictable part of our lives, For instance, the mid life crisis. Some crises are situational and are abrupt and unexpected such as accidents. Other crises are existential which are conflicts within and are related to things as spirituality, direction and life purpose. It is very crucial to give victims of a crisis some counseling. This is to help the person experiencing it be able to confront the reality of the current happenings. Chronic crises can lead to trauma or stress which leads to mental illness. It is therefore, crucial that the counselors dealing with the crisis be very skilled and knowledgeable on how to handle these victims. Crisis counseling is an intervention on short term basis which is intended to offer assistance to the victims, give them support and resources and to make them stable and go beyond emotional trauma and pain towards opportunities for change and growth and to be strong. In this research paper we look at the Biblical perspective of crisis intervention. This is a very unique but effective way of dealing with crisis aftermath and especially when we compare it to the secular approaches. In order for the counselors to understand the spiritual needs of their clients, they have to understand and differentiate the characteristics that define the bible based therapy. When the Bible is relied upon for counseling and a crisis intervention, a client is likely to be returned to functioning safely and into coping levels, at the same time the client reestablishes a relationship with God. Crisis intervention and counseling in a Biblical manner should be accustomed by all who follow God. There is need to remind those suffering of the ever guidance and love of Jesus. Numerous crises occur every day and especially in the secular world that we are living in today and with the rise in technology hence Bible based guidance is much more needed. It is important to understand the benefits emanating from biblical crisis intervention. The crisis intervention and counseling through Bible helps an individual to go through a difficult state by relying on the bible and God. According to Phil Monroe, counseling from the Bible focuses on how to live in a faithful manner, to love mercy, to act in justly, and to walk in a humble manner in circumstances that we find ourselves in (MCP, 2007). There are two main needs in most of the clients: first, for one to be able to open up and speak of the unresolved pain. Second, for one to be given a surety that they are children of Gods love. These are apparent needs and which a counselor must attended. For a client who believes in God, it is paramount to be reminded of Gods love. It is very important for the faith of the client to be reestablished. If the client is not a believer, or no longer has faith in God, it would be a good opportunity to bring back the client to God when the crisis has been resolved. At the same time, it is important for the counselors not to take advantage of the individuals sufferings. The intervention and counseling for a crisis can as well be hectic and sporadic. As much as one has to understand the ground rules, it is always important to understand that when a situation heats up, it is a priority for the situation to be stabilized. The person doing the intervention must always be armed with scriptures or any spiritual and pastoral gifts in order to help the individual through the crisis (Read Mallet, 2003). The view of mankind as a sinner is also very important to consider in the biblical crisis counseling and intervention. We were all created in the likeness of God but we have fallen short of His glory hence making us all sinners in Gods eyes. This puts all clients and their counselors on the same ground in that none are righteous in the eyes of God since we have all sinned (Read Mallet, 2003). In giving out the counseling Biblically, it is important to note that one cannot minimize the crisis but can cope with the crisis. Many people experience the reality of suffering. According to Biblical counseling, suffering is an opportunity to explore our response to suffering and sickness and also gives us an opportunity to faithfully suffer. It is an honour to suffer in the name of Jesus. In second Corinthians chapter four, Apostle Paul speaks of suffering but he reminds believers not ever lose faith for our suffering has a purpose (crisis Intervention 2008). Why Biblical Crisis Intervention The Biblical crisis intervention is much needed in our world. We are a world of sin, which have fallen from the paradise and plan of God. Sin is rampant in the world but the Holy Spirit brings under control the full effects of sin. This is a reality that ensures that all people, those who believe and those who do not, suffer so as to experience the need for biblical crisis intervention (crisis Intervention 2008). Even if suffering is a reality, believers have hope of an eternity that is perfect after this life. The biblical counselor must know how to guide others as people live in a world of crisis. The counselor must know how to guide individuals in such a way that they return them to their original coping position before the crisis. The counselor then needs to guide the individual to a state of renewal or first conversion to Christianity. To save a persons soul should never be an afterthought, it is an important aspect in the biblical crisis intervention. When a person is reoriented back to Jesus, his or her faith is saved as well as attending to the worldly crisis (crisis Intervention 2008). Recent developments and defining characteristics The biblical crisis intervention is not static. Secular movements such as scientific psychology and postmodernism have been a big influence hence it would not make sense to ignore their influences. New techniques are continuously being developed thus the counselors add their perspectives which are unique hence it is important for counselors to be up to date with the disciplines recent developments (crisis Intervention 2008). Methodologies and sub disciplines for the biblical counseling intervention are being developed. It is a likely that a pastoral counselor will have to render help to the non believers in a post modern view point. It will often require the counselors to combine the science psychology with the postmodern view of the world (Schwartz Nicholas, 2007). Also therapy that is community based has grown significantly. This is a good realization that people do not cope or grow in vacuum instead they involve helpful interested parties. Since therapists in postmodern have given up their expert status, they have an interest to expand participants in therapy. They want to involve anyone undergoing therapy that has coalesced around a problem. Although this is a postmodern technique, it has as well been embraced by biblical counseling (Springerlink, 2005). Although these recent developments seem to merge the views of the postmodern, the secular science and the biblical therapy, it is still very obvious of the distinctive characters that will set apart biblical crisis intervention. One of the distinctive features of biblical intervention from the rest is that the counselors must relate with their clients as equal. This is because the counselor understands that the person whom he or she is relating with is created in Gods image hence worthy of respect and likable. At the same time, the client must also understand that mutual respect exists as well as a relationship between him or her and the counselor. Another distinctive feature in biblical counseling is that God is involved in every conversation or session. The pastoral counselors must help their clients enter into a conversation with God. With this unity the clients spiritual aspects are nurtured as well as addressed. Also when a client returns to God, he or she is in a better position to comprehend the meaning behind the suffering and to cope with it well. Benefits of pastoral therapy in comparison with secular therapy To a believer, biblical counseling has more benefits to him or her than the secular counseling. This is because of the spiritual experience. There is a high possibility of therapy succeeding when the counselor considers the clients cultural background. It is also important to evaluate the impact of the clients religion on the crisis at hand. This will facilitate total counseling of the client. This is a concept that is in contrast with the secular counseling. It had been assumed that there existed a universal scientific psychiatry that could address effectively all of the peoples emotional illnesses regardless of their cultural or social backgrounds. In the recent research, ethnic and cultural groups conceptualize mental illnesses variously based on their unique conceptualizations of both the cures and causes. Biblical counseling is better placed in helping out the client in many situations as it focuses on these unique cultural viewpoints. There is a high possibility that many people would not seek psychological help because of their personal religious views. Consequently, attitudes towards psychological disorders among religious groups will impact on a persons admission of a problem, and behavior to seek help. The writer of Hebrews explains that, we may receive mercy and find grace to help us in our time of need (Hebrews 4:13) when we approach God with our problems. Thus, these individuals must be made to understand that the pastoral counselors could be the vessels that God uses to help them approach Him. The pastoral counselors need to understand that human beings are either in a relationship or out of fellowship with God. If the client is out of fellowship it is up to the counselor to bring them back to and if the client is in a relationship with God, then it is the counselors responsibility to help the client understand on how to seek guidance and strength from God (Crisis Intervention, 2008). As much as the biblical crisis interventions have more benefits than those of secular, it does not mean that they should be mutually exclusive. Human beings have many dimensions and since there is a connection between emotional and spiritual dysfunction and health, both psychological and pastoral resources must be integrated in order for a holistic healing to be achieved. Human beings have been provided by God the understanding ability of the external natural world and the psychological world which is internal. Counseling is more likely to succeed when there is a combination of the counseling lessons with those of the biblical teachings. Secular theologists find this concept very difficult. They have acknowledged the religious aspect of man just recently although it has been the cornerstone of biblical crisis intervention from the beginning (crisis Intervention 2008). In most cases, early childhood occurrences can have a lasting effect which can easily distort our perception of love of God. These misconceptions of the love of God may have lasting effects on the coping capabilities of a person. The childhood events can imprison us in beliefs which are distorted and which may misshape our perception of self, others and God. The foundation of cognitive counseling is that the dysfunction in psychology emanates from false beliefs and to be healed emotionally, one requires replacing lies with the truth. However, thoughts which are faulty cannot occur at the cognitive level of logical knowledge. We may have the precise information about ourselves and God in our heads. Instead, the faulty beliefs that misshape us normally transpire at the effective level of knowledge experience. Only biblical orientation can break free of these distortions hence the secular crisis intervention is unable to reinstate an individuals coping abilities since they are unable to restore a persons relationship with God. Another benefit that the biblical crisis intervention has over the secular is that biblical counseling acknowledges the significance of religious application to a rapid event. This benefit helps the client to understand who they are and ways of functioning within their society (crisis Intervention 2008). Focus on the event and the solution The Biblical crisis intervention uses two approaches. The two approaches are not mutually exclusive and focus on two aspects that are different. The first approach focuses on the event and challenges to alter the views of the client on the original event. This approach is also called the traditional therapy. The other approach focuses on the solution and tries to use the client, God and the precipitating event as a change catalyst. It is also called the Brief therapy (ITHACA, 2010). No matter the approach, identification of the crisis cause is very important and the main goal for the counseling is to make the client return to a coping level before the crisis. At the same time the pastoral therapist may attempt to return the client to his or her original comfort zone or may even stretch their zones of comfort to existing conditions (crisis Intervention 2008). The main reason for the biblical crisis intervention in counseling is the impact that the crisis can have on an individual. Our perception of reality or what is not real can be distorted by our worries. The worries that are often the source of the crisis or relate to a possible future crisis do not help the biblical counseling process. In fact, thoughts full of fear are normally exaggerated and can even make the problem to worsen (Popovich, S. 2010). The most important thing is to restore the copying abilities of the individual because when they are not restored the results would be disastrous. When a person is unable to cope with a certain crisis, the impending dangers would be depression, taking out anger on others in insults or violence, abuse of substance or even suicide. This affects the persons future coping as he or she will be left with feelings of failure and guilt and this affects his or her future coping mechanisms. This renders the client to have a downward spiral which moves from one crisis to another which then accumulates future crises resulting to a degraded lifestyle of the client (MCP, 2007). There are many factors that increase crisis effects. Some of the factors are expectations that are unrealistic, personality traits which are negative, a sense of identity which is faulty, a belief system which is faulty, and isolation. This could lead also to an advanced isolation and a loss of support from the loved ones. The main goal, therefore, of biblical crisis intervention and counseling is to try reduce the impact of the original crisis and hence to reestablish the mechanisms for copying (CCEF, 2010). The first approach (the traditional therapy) for the pastoral counselor is to establish a rapport and a relationship with the client while determining the perceived impact of the precipitating event. Some of the precipitating events may be intensely dehumanizing hence it is important to first reestablish the individuals humanness. The interventionist will have the need to confront the realities of shame and sin when helping the client. It helps to remind the client that we are all sinners and we all have fallen short of Gods glory (Roman 3:23). When the crisis intervention undertaking focuses on the solution, it becomes more complicated. This is because some individuals have a rough time overcoming the event even if they are well reestablished with God. The same way when Peter the Apostle denied Jesus the night of His arrest, even after the event, he lived with the shame and guilt of his sin (Mark 14: 66- 72). On the other hand, some clients are able to confront the situation but still need to be reminded of Gods love. They need to be reminded that according to the writer of Hebrews, God says I will never leave you, never will I forsake you. (Hebrews 13:5). At the same time, believers are encouraged to say, The Lord is my helper, I will not be afraid. What can human beings do to me? (Hebrews 13: 16). The second approach (the brief therapy) that the counselor will focus on is the possible solutions to the crisis. The main goal is to help the client in the least period of time as possible. This approach does not minimize the precipitating event rather it focuses on the future. The crisis may have been caused by many and complicated causes, hence the therapy focuses on what can be done in order to change the situation in the present and in future rather spending a lot of time focusing on an event that may or may not be able to be changed (ITHACA, 2010). The distinguishing feature between the traditional therapy and the brief therapy is that they focus on a treatment that is specific, with measurable and short term goals. The client and the interventionist work hand in hand to set up measurable objectives that they record after every session. This use of smaller shorter objectives make the clients feel like they are accomplishing something and also feel in control of their lives. The counselor is also there to help the client if they go astray (ITHACA, 2010). There is a major difference between the roles played by both the traditional therapist and the brief therapist. In traditional therapy, the counselor is seen as an expert hence a bit distant with the client, whereas in brief therapy, the counselor works in collaboration with the client to understand and to solve the problem. In brief therapy, the counselor is seen as a sister or a brother in Christ whereas in traditional therapy, the relationship is that of an expert and a subordinate. The relationship in the brief therapy allows for a position to evangelize when one is needed or desired (ITHACA, 2010). Biblical counseling controversies There are disagreements and movements that occur in Biblical counseling and crisis intervention. There are two known main movements within biblical counseling. The first movement is to discard all the secular techniques and counsel with only the Bible. The second movement is a movement that seeks to reduce the Bible usage within the Biblical counseling. Some denominational seminaries are the ones who discussed the first movement that biblical counseling should move away completely from counseling using secular theories to use of biblical teachings only. They contend that scripture is enough to address psychological problems. This movement believes that by incorporating secular counseling in pastoral counseling, the biblical counseling has lost its way and focus on God (Goliath, 2008). To defend their position, they quote the Bible in Pauls words that, all Scripture is God- breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting, and training in righteousness, so that all Gods people may be thoroughly equipped for every good work (2 Timothy 3: 16-17). The implication that pastoral counseling is not biblically based is either totally ignorant or totally arrogant. Pastoral counseling and care which is not based on the Bible or theological integrity is deficient. Again, Biblical counseling that does not include awareness of psychotherapy has a danger to be abusive. This danger is that those with problems that cannot be wholly solved through scripture may not seek the help they need and probably will never recover. According to David Winfrey, when biblical counseling rejects the behavioral sciences, its discarding an important source of information which has been made available by God (Koenig, 2005). According to Phillip Monroe, the Bible is not a text book in counseling yet it is more than a pointer to God. It does not provide an all-inclusive methodologies or theories for counseling. However, it is not just a book that discusses God. It also points out truths about the human nature and life hence should be used together with counseling methodologies that are not in the scripture (MCP, 2007). Biblical counseling is based on the notion that each and every believer performs like a counselor to other believers. Secret knowledge, professional credentials, or guild are not needed. Even if some people may have wisdom and Christian maturity that enables them to deal effectively with complex people and issues, we will all be treated the same. Seek the face of God, love God and others in the moment, trust God for things you cannot change and when things seem dark and dismal, repent and trust God all over again each day (HOLY Bible). The pastoral counselor hopes to help the person being counseled to respond in faith when in fear, when angry, when confused or grieving. When this happens, person being counseled may have the experience of peace and joy also the confusion within will be minimal (MCP, 2007). The opposing movement has minimized the use of the Bible and uses at a larger extent secular approaches and only supplements religious thoughts when necessary. This movement poses the problem of minimizing the personal responsibility to God. Instead of being responsible to God and living His will, these secular techniques allow people to only be accountable to no one else other than themselves. The best and the approved biblical counseling and crisis intervention methodology incorporate techniques from both the Bible and the secular disciplines. This will help in giving the counseling service to both the believers and the non believers and the pastoral counselors can even evangelize to the non believers (Koenig, 2005). It is important to understand that its not by simply talking about God whether in a professional or an academic manner that will reorient individuals back to Jesus. When we combine reintegration to the church community with psychological therapy it provides both the long term support and the immediate guidance an individual will require to cope with the crisis at hand (Koenig, 2005). Conclusion The challenge for biblical intervention methodology is providing a valuable crisis assistance and support within the earliest time possible following victimization, and to make the resources and services available in order to meet the victims needs by providing a direct assistance or referring to other agencies (crisis Intervention 2008). The Biblical crisis intervention and counseling does not imply the end of the required therapy. When an individual has been established in a church community, much support is thereafter needed. When the crisis counseling is over, many church ministries continue to offer the long term help that is much needed by their clients. Since there is a unique relationship between the client and the counselor, it should be very possible for the life counseling and guidance sessions to continue. Biblical guidance is a beautiful way since it is a demonstration of the love of God for His people. The love and affection that the pastoral counselor displays is just a small token in comparison with the love God gives to those who believe in Him. This is a reality that guides the pastoral counselors in getting their clients back to God. At the same time, when we rely on Gods word, it reminds us of Jesus importance in our lives. As the Hebrew writer explains, the word of God is alive and active. Sharper than any double edged sword, it penetrates even to dividing soul and spirit, joints and marrow, it judges the thoughts and attitudes of the heart (Hebrews, 4:12). Again, in the Gospel of John, Jesus tells all those who believe in Him that Then you will know the truth and the truth will set you free (John, 8: 32). Biblical therapy is counseling is not only focused on sin. It sees suffering as a given opportunity to suffer in faith as we discover how we respond to pains and sicknesses whether self inflicted or God oriented. How we respond to the difficulties that befall us reveals what we worship and seek in life whether its God, pleasure, comfort, perfection, and escape, to be safe or to be significant. The biblical crisis intervention and counseling is not focused on ending human suffering or teaching skills to end suffering, rather, it works with the broken and sinful people who live in sinful world and helps them live in a faithful manner and to trust in God the creator of all things. Biblical therapy strives to help people combine the worship of God and enjoy the blessings of being the chosen people of God. It also helps to reorient people in discipleship, mercy ministry and help them in sanctifying themselves. Biblical counseling works on the principle that the Bible has all the information we need to help us deal with our day to day problems. Most people believe that emotional and mental problems should only be dealt with the professional psychologists but this has been proved wrong since bible therapy has seen many people be able to cope to cope with their problems and even face others in future. Again, it has been proven that bible therapy is the best as it deals with the souls of human beings and pastoral counselors are well exposed to the wisdom of God.